The problematic areas or assumptions that are not followed according to HWE are the generations overlapping in the case of clonal plants. The facultative clonal plants are inherently problematic subjects for the application of the Hardy Weinberg principle. Hence, the HWE has ecological significance. The equilibrium of earlier and current populations can also be interpreted from this principle. The genotype and allele frequencies of future generations can be computed with the help of this principle. In population genetics, the most frequently used mathematical model is the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Plant breeding deals with the alteration of the traits of plants to generate desired characteristics. However, the law stands invalid for haploid organisms. The law can be used as a template to research the population genetics of diploid organisms. The idea of evolution in a population can be obtained from the allele frequencies that are recorded and calculated following the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Population stratification and non-random mating can be studied from the Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequency tests.Īs variations occur in genes due to mutation, genetic drift, migration, sexual selection and natural selection, the Hardy Weinberg principle acts as a statistical criterion for differentiating a non-evolving population from evolving populations. In studies related to population genetics, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to compute the difference between the observed genotype frequencies and the calculated frequencies given by the equation.Īpplications of the Hardy Weinberg principle are mentioned below. p 2 denotes the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q 2 indicates the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents Aa, which is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype. Where p is the frequency of the allele "A" and q is the frequency of allele "a". The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be explained by considering a simple genetic locus containing two alleles, A and a. Gene flow, selection, mutation, migration and other evolutionary influences must be absent. The generations must not overlap, and the sex ratio should be equal. The size of the population should be indefinitely large, and there must be diploid entities. Individuals of the population should randomly mate. In order to maintain equilibrium, only sexual reproduction can occur. The main assumptions for the Hardy Weinberg Principle are the following. Hence, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is hypothetical. These external forces are always present in nature in that case, the HWE will always be disrupted. Gene flow that occurs when new alleles are introduced into a population due to breeding can also alter the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Genetic drift can also cause disruption in equilibrium, majorly in small populations. This disturbance mainly occurs because few alleles are reported to assist or harm the reproductive success of the individuals carrying them. Natural selection and non-random, on the other hand, are believed to alter the gene frequencies resulting in disruption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Hardy-Weinberg principle studies the genotype frequencies in non-evolving populations.įor example, external forces like mutations are reported to introduce new alleles, in turn disrupting the equilibrium of allele frequencies. The genotype frequencies calculated following the Hardy–Weinberg rules can be used to test for population stratification and non-random mating. The principle or the equilibrium of discussion is named after G.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |